Customer Satisfaction and Commitment: Considering Relational Investment and Rapport in Customer Service Interactions
Abstract
Customers who experience positive customer service experiences tend to feel high levels of satisfaction with the service and commitment to the service provider. This study suggests that investment in the interpersonal relationship that occurs during the rapport-building process in service encounters should be considered when measuring service outcomes. More specifically, items from the Investment Model (Rusbult 1980) were adapted to broaden the ways in which rapport, satisfaction, and commitment have all been measured and connected to describe customer service exchanges. Participants responded to an online survey designed to capture a recent service transaction experience. Results of this study demonstrate significant correlations between variables representing rapport and customer satisfaction and rapport and customer commitment. Each variable construct included relational investment-focused items. This study provides evidence that investment in a relationship can connect enjoyable interaction and personal connection to customer satisfaction and relational commitment. Implications for employee training that more specifically focuses on rapport and relationship-building to account for recent shifts in organizational landscapes are discussed.
References
Agnew, C.R., Van Lange, P.A.M., Rusbult, C.E., & Langston, C.A. (1997). “Cognitive interdependence: Commitment and the mental representation of close relationships,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 939-954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.939
Aston, G. (1988). Learning comity: An approach to the description and pedagogy of interactional speech. Bogna: CLUEB.
Bernieri, F.J., Gillis, J.S., Davis, J.M., & Grahe, J.E. (1996). “Dyad rapport and the accuracy of its judgment across situations: A lens model analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 110-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.110
Brooks, J. E., Ogolsky, B.G., & Monk, J.K. (2018). “Commitment in interracial relationships: Dyadic and longitudinal tests of the investment model,” Journal of Family Issues, 39(9), 2685-2708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513XI8758343
Bügel, M.S., Buunk, A.P., & Verhoef, P.C. (2010). “A comparison of customer commitment in five sectors using the psychological investment model,” Journal of Relationship Marketing, 9, 2-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332660903551883
Butcher, K., Sparks, B., & O’Callaghan, F. (2001). “Evaluative and relational influences on service loyalty,” International Journal of Service Industry Management, 12(4), 310-327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230110405253
Carey, J.C., D’Lisa, S.A., & Biggers, J. (1988). “Peak alert time and rapport between residence hall roommates,” Journal of College Student Development, 29, 239-243.
Carter, T. (2008). “Customer engagement and behavioral considerations,” Journal of Strategic Marketing, 16, 21-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09652540701794387
Cooper, J.M. (1977). “Aristotle on the forms of friendship,” Review of Metaphysics, 30, 691-648. DOI: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20126987
Cronin, Jr., J.J., Brady, M.K., & Hult, T.M.G. (2000). “Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments,” Journal of Retailing, 76, 193-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2
Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E., Daniels, S., & Hall, A. (2017). “Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies,” The Academy of Management Annals, 11, 1-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099
Delcourt, C., Gremler, D.D., van Riel, A., & van Birgelen, M.J.H. (2013). “Employee emotional competence: Construct conceptualization and validation of a customer-based measure,” Journal of Service Research, 19, 72-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670515590776
De Wulf, K., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Iacobucci, D. (2001). “Investments in consumer relationships: A cross-country and cross-industry exploration,” Journal of Marketing, 65, 33-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.4.33.18386
Etcheverry, P.E., Le, B., Wu, T.-F., & Wei, M. (2013). “Attachment and the investment model: Predictors of relationship commitment, maintenance, and persistence,” Personal Relationships, 20, 546-567. DOI: https:///doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01423.x
Fatima, J.K., Razzaque, M.A., & Di Mascio, R. (2015). “Modeling roles of commitment on rapport and satisfaction,” International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33, 261-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-11-2013-0130
Gordon, M. (2014). “Friendship, intimacy and humor,” Educational Philosophy and Theory, 46, 162-174. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2012.721732
Grahe, J.E., & Sherman, R.A. (2007). “An ecological examination of rapport using dyadic puzzle task,” The Journal of Social Psychology, 147, 453-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.5.453-476
Gremler, D.D., & Gwinner, K.P. (2000). “Customer-employee rapport in service relationships,” Journal of Service Research, 3, 82-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050031006
Gremler, D.D., & Gwinner, K.P. (2008). “Rapport-building behaviors used by retail employees,” Journal of Retailing, 84, 308-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2008.07.001
Gremler, D.D., Gwinner, K.P., & Brown, S.W. (2000). “Generating positive word-of-mouth communication through customer-employee relationships,” International Journal of Service Industry Management, 12, 44-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230110382763
Hallowell, R. (1996). “The relationships of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profitability: An empirical study,” International Journal of Service Industry Management, 7(4), 27-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239610129931
Han, H., Choo, S.-W., Lee, J., & Hwang, J. (2017). “Examining the influence of rapport between players and dealers on customer satisfaction, revisit intentions, and word-of-mouth in the casino industry: The moderating role of gender,” Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 18(1), 107-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2016.1169472
Hess, J., Story, J., & Danes, J. (2011). “A three-stage model of consumer relationship investment,” Journal of Product & Brand Management, 20, 14-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10610421111107987
Hess, J., & Story, J. (2005). “Trust-based commitment: Multidimensional consumer-brand relationships,” Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(6), 313-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760510623902
Huang, L.-T., Cheng, T.-C., & Farn, C.-K. (2007). “The mediating effect of commitment on customer loyalty towards E-brokerages: An enhanced investment model,” Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 18, 751-770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360701349765
Jiang, J., Chou, T.-J., & Tao, X. (2011). “The impact of price discount, product complementarity and relational investment on customer loyalty: Empirical evidence from China’s telecommunications industry,” Asia Journal of Marketing, 5, 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ajm.2011.1.16
Kanter, R.M. (1968). “Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities,” American Sociological Review, 33, 499-517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2092438
Kelley, H.H., & Thibaut, J.W. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York, NY: Wiley.
Kim, K., & Baker, M.A. (2017). “How the employee looks and looks at you: Building customer-employee rapport,” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43, 20-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348017731130
Kim, W., & Ok, C. (2010). “Customer orientation of service employees and rapport: Influences on service-outcome variables in full-service restaurants,” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 34, 34-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009344234
Le, B., & Agnew, C.R. (2003). “Commitment and its theorized determinants: A meta-analysis of the Investment Model,” Personal Relationships, 10, 37-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00035
Louis, D., & Lombart, C. (2010). “Impact of brand personality on three major relational consequences (trust, attachment, and commitment to the brand),” Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19, 114-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10610421011033467
Macintosh, G. (2009). “The role of rapport in professional services: Antecedents and outcomes,” Journal of Services Marketing, 23(2), 70-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040910946332
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A., & Berry, L.L. (1985). “A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research,” Journal of Marketing, 49, 41-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298504900403
Placencia, M.E. (2004). “Rapport-building activities in corner shop interactions,” Journal of Sociolinguistics, 8, 215-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2004.00259.x
Popp, B., Wilson, B., Horbel, C., & Woratschek, H. (2016). “Relationship building through Facebook brand pages: The multifaceted roles of identification, satisfaction, and perceived relationship investment,” Journal of Strategic Marketing, 24, 2780294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2015.1095226
Price, L.L., & Arnould, E.J. (1999). “Commercial friendships: Service provider-client relationships in context,” Journal of Marketing, 63, 35-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1251973
Pritchard, M.P., Havitz, M.E., & Howard, D.R. (1999). “Analyzing the commitment-loyalty link in service contexts,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27, 333-348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399273004
Rusbult, C.E. (1980). “Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 172-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(80)90007-4
Rusbult, C.E., & Buunk, B.P. (1993). “Commitment processes in close relationships: An interdependence analysis,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(2), 175-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/026540759301000202
Rusbult, C.E., Martz, J.M., & Agnew, C.R. (1998). “The Investment Model Scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size,” Personal Relationships, 5, 357-391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x
Sabiote, E.F., & Roman, S. (2009). “The influence of social regard on the customer-service firm relationship: The moderating role of length of relationship,” Journal of Business and Psychology, 24, 441-453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9119-z
Stern, B.B., Thompson, C.J., & Arnould, E.J. (1998). “Narrative Analysis of a marketing relationship: The customer’s perspective,” Psychology and Marketing, 15, 195-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199805)15:3<195::AID-MAR1>3.0.CO;2-5
Storbacka, K., Strandvik, T., & Grönroos, C. (1994). “Managing customer relationships for profit: The dynamics of relationship quality,” International Journal of Service Industry Management, 5(5), 21-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239410074358
Stum, D.L. (2001). “Maslow revisited: Building the employee commitment pyramid,” Strategy & Leadership, 29(4), 4-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10878570110400053
Sung, Y., & Choi, S.M. (2010). “I won’t leave you although you disappoint me: the interplay between satisfaction, investment, and alternatives in determining consumer-brand relationship commitment,” Psychology and Marketing, 27, 1050-1073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20373
Tickle-Degnen, L., & Rosenthal, R. (1990). “The nature of rapport with its nonverbal correlates,” Psychology Inquiry, 1, 285-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0104_1
Tran, P., Judge, M, & Kashima, Y. (2019). “Commitment in relationships: An updated meta-analysis of the Investment Model,” Personal Relationships, 26, 158-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12268
Van Lange, P.A.M., & Rusbult, C.E. (2012). “Interdependence theory,” In P.A.M. Van Lange, A.W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 251-272). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. DOI: https://doi.10.4135/9781446249222.n39
Voss, G.B., Parasuraman, A., & Grewal, D. (1998). “The roles of price, performance, and expectations in determining satisfaction in service exchange,”. Journal of Marketing, 62, 46-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1252286
Webster, G.D., Laurenceau, J.-P., Smith, C.V., Mahaffey, A.L., Bryan, A.D., & Brunell, A.B. (2015). “An investment model of sociosexuality, relationship satisfaction, and commitment: Evidence from dating, engaged, and newlywed couples,” Journal of Research in Personality, 55, 112-126. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.02.004
Wrzus, C., Wagner, J., & Neyer, F.J. (2012). “The interdependence of horizontal family relationships and friendships relates to higher well-being,” Personal Relationships, 19(3), 465-482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01373.x
Zainol, Z., Yasin, N.M., Omar, N.A., Hashim, N.M.H.N., & Osman, J. (2015). “The effect of customer-brand relationship investments on customer engagement: An imperative for sustained competitiveness,” Jurnal Pengurusan, 44, 117-127.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Each volume is copyrighted by Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior. We encourage authors to submit published articles to research aggregators such as researchgate.net or academia.edu. You may use the PDF files from the published journal for submission to these aggregators.